
26 August 2025 Leave a comment Tools & Frameworks
In the fast-paced world of Android development and quality assurance, automation tools have become indispensable for enhancing efficiency and ensuring robust application performance. Whether you’re a developer looking to streamline UI testing or a QA professional aiming to improve test coverage, selecting the right automation tool is crucial.
Our comprehensive guide introduces 12 Android automation tools that cater to diverse testing needs, offering solutions for both code-based and no-code environments.
From the no-code simplicity of Repeato to the Kotlin-friendly APIs of UI Automator, each tool provides unique features tailored to specific testing scenarios. Tools like Shot and Paparazzi revolutionize screenshot and UI testing, while Playwright for Android and Espresso enhance browser and application testing with advanced automation capabilities. Meanwhile, tools such as Android Testify and Screenshot-tests for Android focus on maintaining UI quality through visual testing.
For end-to-end testing, explore Detox and Marathon, which offer cross-platform compatibility and scalable solutions. Additionally, TimeMachine and Appium provide innovative testing environments and cross-platform support, respectively. Delve into our article to discover which tool aligns best with your project requirements and elevates your testing strategy.
Latest update: 8/25/2025, 10:24:02 AM
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A Comparison of 12 Android automation tools
To help you interpret the comparison table below, it summarizes various testing tools, highlighting key features, platform compatibility, GitHub statistics, support options, and ease of use. The table allows you to quickly compare the tools based on their unique offerings and development status, aiding in selecting the most suitable tool for your testing needs.
Product Name | Short Description and Features | Platforms | GitHub Stats | Support Included | Ease of Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Repeato | No-code tool for mobile and web test automation with AI and computer vision, supports iOS, Android, and web applications. | Web, Android, iOS | Closed source | ✔ | Very easy to learn |
UI Automator | Framework for building UI tests on Android with Kotlin-friendly DSL, supporting multi-window testing. | Android | Open source | – | Requires advanced technical knowledge |
Shot | Gradle plugin for Android screenshot testing, supports Jetpack Compose, generates reports. | Android | ⭐️ 1199, 📝 319, Last Commit: 2024-02-12 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Paparazzi | Android library for UI snapshot testing without physical devices, integrates with Gradle. | Android | ⭐️ 2455, 📝 1893, Last Commit: 2025-08-22 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Playwright for Android | Experimental support for Android automation, requires ADB and Chrome version 87 or newer. | Android | Open source | – | Requires advanced technical knowledge |
Espresso | Framework for concise and reliable UI tests on Android, supports synchronization with background jobs. | Android | Open source | – | Requires advanced technical knowledge |
Android Testify | Enhances Android testing with screenshot capabilities, integrates with CI services. | Android | ⭐️ 116, 📝 773, Last Commit: 2025-08-03 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Screenshot-tests for Android | Library for deterministic screenshot testing during Android instrumentation tests. | Android | ⭐️ 1751, 📝 604, Last Commit: 2025-08-20 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Detox | Gray box E2E testing framework for React Native apps, supports real device testing. | Android, iOS | ⭐️ 11595, 📝 5916, Last Commit: 2025-08-15 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Marathon | Platform-independent tool for Android and iOS, supports test batching and device pools. | Android, iOS | ⭐️ 614, 📝 2080, Last Commit: 2025-04-29 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
TimeMachine | Automated testing tool for Android using virtualization, monitors GUI layout and restores states. | Android | ⭐️ 106, 📝 101, Last Commit: 2022-07-04 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Appium | Framework for cross-platform testing of apps, supports multiple languages and cloud execution. | iOS, Android, macOS, Windows, web | ⭐️ 20306, 📝 11555, Last Commit: 2025-08-24 |
– | Requires expert technical knowledge |
Let’s take a closer look at the 12 Android automation tools:

Repeato
Repeato provides a versatile solution for automating UI tests on Android applications, designed to meet the needs of developers and QA professionals seeking efficiency without extensive coding.
Core Features
Rapid Test Creation
- Integration: Easily connect devices or simulators to start recording. The app interface is mirrored on your desktop, allowing intuitive interaction and automatic recording of actions.
- Compatibility: Supports frameworks like Flutter, React Native, and more.
Simplified Test Management
- Organizational Tools: Structure your test library with folders and batches for quick access.
- Regression Testing: Detect regressions with just one click.
Efficient Bug Detection
- Batch Testing: Initiate and execute tests efficiently, receiving notifications on failures.
Debugging and Collaboration
- Reporting: Export test run reports for seamless integration into bug tracking systems.
Flexible Execution
- Platform Compatibility: Run tests on various platforms, including GitHub Actions and BitRise.
Repeato’s ease of use and framework support make it a valuable tool for Android app testing.
Pros and cons of Repeato
Pros of Repeato
- Simple and intuitive interface
- Easy setup process, no complex configurations needed
- Accessibility for both developers and non-programmers
- Supports various testing methods like clicks, drags and scripting
- Exceptional stability, no crashes or driver issues
- Regular updates with bug fixes and excellent customer support
- Great for mobile app testing, with efficient script creation
- Allows for hundreds of additional tests each day
- User-friendly, with easy adaptation and no initial setup required
- Recognizes elements using visual fingerprints for testing
- Allows for reusability and easy maintenance of scripts
- No prior training or complex coding skills needed
Cons of Repeato
- Some limitations for iOS applications when tapping on any system window outside of the app
- Access to CI/CD tools is only available at the enterprise level
- Occasional unknown errors while performing basic tasks, although they are quickly remedied in the next version.
UI Automator
UI Automator 2.4 is a testing framework offering APIs to build UI tests for Android apps, both user and system. It introduces a Kotlin-friendly Domain Specific Language (DSL) to streamline the process of writing UI tests, enhancing their readability and robustness.
Key Features
uiAutomator
Test Scope: Enables cleaner and more expressive test code.- Predicate-Based Element Finding: Methods like
onElement
simplify locating UI elements. - Built-In Waiting Mechanism: Manages conditional elements with timeout functions.
- App State Management: Controls app states with functions like
waitForStable
. - Multi-Window Testing: Facilitates testing in multi-window scenarios.
- Visual Testing and Debugging: Includes screenshot capabilities for better debugging.
Setup
Include the dependency in build.gradle.kts
:
dependencies {
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.uiautomator:uiautomator:2.4.0-alpha05")
}
UI Automator 2.4 enhances test reliability and maintainability, making it a suitable choice for Android developers and QA teams seeking efficient automation solutions.

Shot
Overview
Shot is a Gradle plugin and core Android library tailored for Android developers and QA professionals seeking an efficient solution for screenshot testing. By employing the ScreenshotTest
interface and ShotTestRunner
, Shot streamlines the testing of visual elements across diverse devices and configurations, ensuring UI consistency.
Features
-
Jetpack Compose Support: Version 5.0.0 introduces robust capabilities for testing Compose components. Configure the emulator with
swiftshader_indirect
GPU mode to prevent rendering issues in CI environments. -
Recording & Verification: Use
./gradlew executeScreenshotTests -Precord
to capture screenshots and./gradlew executeScreenshotTests
for verification. Errors are reported via the Gradle plugin. -
Gradle Integration: Integrate Shot by adding dependencies in
build.gradle
and configuring theShotTestRunner
. -
Convenience Commands: Streamline testing with Gradle tasks specific to app flavors and build types.
Advanced Features
-
Multi-Device Testing: Execute tests on multiple devices using Composer for efficient testing across consistent Android OS versions and screen resolutions.
-
Tolerance Configuration: Set a tolerance threshold in
build.gradle
for Compose components to manage visual discrepancies.
Shot is designed to assist developers in maintaining high-quality UI standards, integrating seamlessly into existing workflows and CI pipelines.
Features:
- Provides a structured approach for writing screenshot tests, including a
ScreenshotTest
interface andShotTestRunner
. - Enables screenshot testing for both traditional Android views and Jetpack Compose UI components.
- Offers various Gradle tasks for recording, verifying, and managing screenshots.
- Allows setting tolerance levels for image comparison and generates detailed error reports.
- Supports integration with continuous integration environments and generates HTML reports for failures.
Github stats:
- Forks: 119
- Stars: 1134
- Commits: 315
- Last commit on: 2023-09-06T06:28:58Z
More relevant posts:
Paparazzi
Paparazzi is an Android library tailored for developers and QA specialists aiming to automate and enhance UI testing without the need for physical devices or emulators. This tool allows you to efficiently render and capture snapshots of your application’s views and Composable functions.
Key Features
-
Intuitive Integration: Paparazzi provides a straightforward approach to incorporate snapshot testing within your test classes, helping you verify UI elements with ease.
-
Task Automation: Seamlessly integrates with Gradle to automate testing and snapshot generation. Key tasks include:
- Running tests and generating detailed reports.
- Recording snapshots as golden values.
- Verifying snapshots against stored values to identify discrepancies.
-
Snapshot Management: Utilize Git LFS for efficient snapshot storage and management, ensuring smooth version control and collaboration.
-
Continuous Integration Support: Set up pre-receive hooks to enforce Git LFS usage in CI environments.
By leveraging Paparazzi, Android developers can streamline UI testing processes, ensuring efficient and accurate application rendering.
Features:
- Snapshot Testing: Capture and compare snapshots of Android UI views or composables against golden images.
- HTML Reporting: Automatic generation of HTML reports for reviewing and sharing test results.
- Golden Value Recording: Capability to record snapshots as golden values for future comparison.
- Snapshot Verification: Allows running tests to verify UI against recorded golden values and generates diffs for changes.
- Gradle Integration: Automates tasks like running tests, generating reports, recording golden values, and verifying snapshots.
Github stats:
- Forks: 200
- Stars: 2032
- Commits: 1286
- Last commit on: 2023-12-17T03:53:32Z
Playwright for Android
Playwright offers experimental support for Android automation, enabling automation of Chrome and Android WebView. Here’s a concise overview tailored for Android developers and QA professionals seeking an effective automation tool.
Key Features
- Automation Support: Automate Chrome for Android and Android WebView.
- Integration: Utilizes ADB for device communication.
Requirements
- Android device or AVD Emulator.
- Running and authenticated ADB daemon (
adb devices
). - Chrome version 87+ on the device.
- Enable “command line on non-rooted devices” via
chrome://flags
.
Limitations
- No raw USB operations; relies on ADB.
- Device must remain awake for screenshots.
Usage Example
Connect to an Android device, automate browser actions, and capture screenshots with Playwright’s API.
const { _android: android } = require('playwright');
(async () => {
const [device] = await android.devices();
await device.screenshot({ path: 'device.png' });
const context = await device.launchBrowser();
const page = await context.newPage();
await page.goto('http://example.com');
await page.screenshot({ path: 'page.png' });
await context.close();
})();
Methods
connect
: Attach to an existing Android device.devices
: List detected Android devices.launchServer
: Start a server for client connections.

Espresso
Espresso is a framework tailored for Android developers and QA professionals seeking efficient, reliable UI test automation. It simplifies the creation of concise test expressions, ensuring UI component integrity.
Core Features
- Streamlined API: Easy to learn and customizable, facilitating clear state expectations and interactions.
- Synchronization: Ensures stable test execution by waiting for UI stability, enhancing test reliability.
- Modularity: Includes packages like
espresso-core
,espresso-web
, andespresso-idling-resource
for extended functionality.
Example Test Code
Kotlin
@Test
fun greeterSaysHello() {
onView(withId(R.id.name_field)).perform(typeText("Steve"))
onView(withId(R.id.greet_button)).perform(click())
onView(withText("Hello Steve!")).check(matches(isDisplayed()))
}
Java
@Test
public void greeterSaysHello() {
onView(withId(R.id.name_field)).perform(typeText("Steve"));
onView(withId(R.id.greet_button)).perform(click());
onView(withText("Hello Steve!")).check(matches(isDisplayed()));
}
Target Audience
Ideal for developers who incorporate automated testing into their development lifecycle, maximizing Espresso’s potential through comprehensive codebase understanding.
Android Testify
Overview
Testify enhances Android app testing by integrating screenshot tests into your existing framework. It captures your app’s UI screenshots, providing a visual reference to track UI quality and detect changes. Compatible with Android Instrumentation tests, Testify fits seamlessly into your test suites, allowing tests and screenshot captures directly via Android Studio or Gradle command-line tools. It supports most Continuous Integration services, ensuring versatility across development workflows.
Key Features
- Screenshot Testing: Capture screenshots at different resolutions, orientations, API versions, and languages by configuring various emulators.
- Integration: Built on Android Instrumentation tests, it integrates smoothly with test suites for easy execution.
- UI Monitoring: Establish baseline screenshots to identify and address unintended UI changes.
- Device Configuration: Requires specific settings, like disabling animations, to ensure synchronization and prevent test failures.
Getting Started
To use Testify, set up dependencies in your build.gradle
, disable system animations, and use the Android Studio plugin for enhanced functionality. Visit testify.dev for detailed documentation and tutorials.
Features:
- Testify allows for capturing screenshots with different resolutions, orientations, API versions, and languages by configuring various emulators.
- It provides the ability to group screenshot tests by device characteristics.
- It captures bitmaps after all layout and draw calls are complete, ensuring an accurate representation of the UI.
- The tool integrates seamlessly with Android Instrumentation tests and can be used directly within Android Studio or through Gradle command-line tools.
- Testify is compatible with most Continuous Integration services.
Github stats:
- Forks: 4
- Stars: 80
- Commits: 637
- Last commit on: 2023-12-10T17:42:09Z

Screenshot-tests for Android by Facebook
Screenshot Tests for Android is a specialized library that enables Android developers to generate fast and deterministic screenshots during instrumentation tests. By simulating Android’s core functions like measure()
, layout()
, and draw()
, this tool ensures reliable screenshots useful in continuous integration environments.
Key Features
- Deterministic Screenshots: Single-thread rendering provides control over animations and callbacks, aiding in effective regression detection.
- Iterative Testing: Allows developers to test views in a real Android environment without building the entire app.
- Multiple Configurations: Supports rendering views in various configurations simultaneously.
System Requirements
- OS: Compatible with macOS and Linux.
- Python: Requires Python 2.7 and
python-pillow
for screenshot recording.
Integration
Artifacts are available via Maven Central, and the library includes modules for core and plugin functionalities. Developers can utilize a disconnected workflow for remote testing services.
Contribution
The library is maintained by Hilal Alsibai, and contributions are encouraged via GitHub.
Features:
- Deterministic Screenshots: Produces highly deterministic screenshots using Android’s
measure()
,layout()
, anddraw()
methods. - Development Utilities: Offers utilities for immediate view or layout rendering in a real Android environment, with support for multiple configurations.
- Integration with CI: Enables reliable detection of visual regressions during automated testing in continuous integration pipelines.
- Remote Service Integration: Supports a disconnected workflow with remote testing services, allowing screenshots to be collected, verified, and recorded using specific Gradle tasks.
- Modular Structure: The library consists of various modules such as
core
,plugin
,layout-hierarchy-common
, andlayout-hierarchy-litho
for enhanced functionality and integration.
Github stats:
- Forks: 242
- Stars: 1723
- Commits: 551
- Last commit on: 2023-11-14T20:09:47Z

Detox by Wix
Detox is a gray box end-to-end testing framework tailored for mobile applications, including Android. It offers a comprehensive solution for automating user interactions on real devices or simulators, reducing dependence on manual Quality Assurance (QA) processes and enhancing continuous integration (CI) workflows.
Key Features
-
Cross Platform: Supports React Native apps on Android and iOS, allowing tests to be written in JavaScript.
-
Debuggable: Utilizes an async-await API for setting breakpoints in tests, easing the debugging process.
-
Synchronized Testing: Minimizes test flakiness by automatically monitoring asynchronous operations.
-
CI Integration: Compatible with CI platforms like Travis CI and Jenkins for efficient test execution.
-
Real Device Testing: Executes tests on real devices or simulators for accurate results.
-
Flexible Test Runner: Works with various test runners, with built-in support for Jest.
Detox supports React Native versions from 0.73.x
to 0.78.x
, aligning with modern app development needs.
Features:
- Cross-Platform Support: Write E2E tests in JavaScript for React Native applications on both Android and iOS platforms.
- Debugging Made Simpler: Utilizes an async-await API that allows for setting breakpoints in asynchronous tests.
- Automatic Synchronization: Reduces test flakiness by automatically synchronizing with the app’s asynchronous operations.
- CI-Friendly: Compatible with continuous integration platforms like Travis CI, Circle CI, or Jenkins.
- Real Device Testing: Increases app confidence by testing on actual devices or simulators, providing a closer approximation to real user behavior.
Github stats:
- Forks: 1949
- Stars: 10711
- Commits: 4648
- Last commit on: 2023-12-19T15:39:08Z

Marathon by MarathonLabs
Overview
Marathon is a versatile testing tool designed to enhance software test execution, focusing on performance and stability. It is platform-independent, supporting both Android and iOS, and integrates seamlessly with custom hardware farms and diverse tech stacks.
Key Features
Performance and Stability
- Test Duration: Efficiently schedules tests by understanding their expected duration.
- Test Passing Probability: Utilizes real-time data to anticipate test failures, enabling preventive retries.
Execution Strategies
- Flakiness Strategy: Queues retries for likely failing tests.
- Sorting Strategy: Prioritizes longer tests to minimize retry impacts.
- Post-Factum Retries: Uses retry quotas to manage post-test execution.
Configuration
Android Setup
- Create a Marathonfile at the project root.
- Define APK paths and output directories for Android testing.
name: "My application"
vendorConfiguration:
type: "Android"
applicationApk: "dist/app-debug.apk"
testApplicationApk: "dist/app-debug-androidTest.apk"
Execution
Run Marathon using:
$ marathon
This command initiates the test runner, ensuring configurations from the Marathonfile are followed.
Features:
- Test Batching: Grouping tests to be executed as a batch for better organization and efficiency.
- Device Pools: Utilizing multiple devices to run tests in parallel, increasing test throughput.
- Test Sharding: Distributing tests across devices to ensure that each device has a proportionate workload.
- Test Sorting: Prioritizing the execution order of tests, typically running longer tests first to minimize overall execution time.
- Preventive Retries: Planning ahead for potential test failures due to flaky tests or environments by scheduling retries in advance.
Github stats:
- Forks: 115
- Stars: 538
- Commits: 1856
- Last commit on: 2023-12-07T11:16:09Z
TimeMachine
TimeMachine is a sophisticated automated testing tool designed to optimize the testing of Android applications. By utilizing virtualization technologies, it creates a dynamic environment that adapts to app behaviors, enhancing the testing process.
Key Features
- State Management: Uses GUI layouts to identify and preserve app states, beneficial in circumventing repetitive loops.
- Progress Monitoring: Detects slow progress, restoring the most promising state for continued testing.
- Automated Execution: Facilitates state restoration to enhance code coverage and explore diverse program behaviors.
Recent Enhancements
- Transitioned to Android Emulator for improved virtualization.
- Integrated Jacoco for app instrumentation.
- Resolved adb connection challenges during fuzz testing.
Prerequisites
- OS: Ubuntu 18.04 or Mac-OSX 10.15.
- Android SDK: API 25 required.
- Python: Version 2.7 with
enum
anduiautomator
packages.
TimeMachine provides a comprehensive solution for Android developers and QA professionals seeking efficient automation tools.
Features:
- Utilizes virtualization technology to save and restore application states during testing.
- Monitors the GUI layout and maintains a record of all discovered states, saving interesting ones.
- Detects and restores from slow-progress states to promote thorough exploration.
- Integrates with Android Emulator for streamlined testing within the Android-specific environment.
- Uses Jacoco for more modern and widely-adopted app instrumentation.
Github stats:
- Forks: 23
- Stars: 103
- Commits: 101
- Last commit on: 2022-07-04T16:30:51Z

Appium
Appium is an open-source automation framework designed for testing native, hybrid, and mobile web applications. Known for its cross-platform capabilities, it supports Android, iOS, and more, making it an ideal choice for developers and QA professionals seeking a versatile testing solution.
Key Features
- Cross-Platform Support: Test on Android, iOS, macOS, and Windows without altering the application.
- WebDriver Protocol: Ensures compatibility across platforms and programming languages.
- Language Flexibility: Write tests in Java, Python, Ruby, C#, and other WebDriver-compatible languages.
- Cloud and Local Testing: Execute tests locally or in the cloud with compatible services.
Installation and Drivers
Appium can be installed using npm
, with drivers required for specific platforms. This modular setup allows you to tailor the tool to your project needs.
npm i -g appium
Appium’s architecture, extensive language support, and flexible testing environments make it a robust choice for Android automation. Its community-driven development ensures continued innovation and support.
Github stats:
- Forks: 5946
- Stars: 17380
- Commits: 10526
- Last commit on: 2024-01-05T10:27:17Z
Conclusion
In conclusion, the array of testing tools discussed offers a variety of features tailored to different needs and technical proficiencies. Here’s a quick rundown:
-
Repeato stands out for its user-friendly, no-code approach, making it accessible to non-programmers. It supports physical device testing across web, Android, and iOS platforms, and utilizes AI and computer vision for enhanced testing. Its pricing starts with a free plan, moving up to $70/month for more features, making it a versatile choice for teams of all sizes. While it has some limitations on iOS, its ease of use and robust support make it a strong contender for those seeking a comprehensive solution. Explore more about Repeato’s capabilities.
-
UI Automator and Espresso are ideal for Android-specific testing, offering open-source frameworks that require coding knowledge. UI Automator is free and supports multi-window testing, while Espresso excels in synchronization and modularity. Both lack no-code and AI capabilities, catering to more technically inclined users.
-
Shot and Paparazzi focus on Android screenshot testing, with Shot offering integration with Jetpack Compose and Paparazzi enabling snapshot testing without physical devices. Both are open-source but require technical expertise.
-
Playwright for Android and Detox provide experimental and cross-platform support respectively. Playwright targets Chrome and WebView on Android, while Detox offers React Native support for Android and iOS. Both frameworks are open-source and demand advanced technical skills.
-
Marathon and TimeMachine enhance test execution and state management for Android and iOS, focusing on performance and virtualization. These tools require a higher level of technical knowledge for setup and use.
-
Appium, known for its cross-platform flexibility, supports a wide range of applications from mobile to desktop. It offers a robust ecosystem but requires significant technical expertise, making it less accessible for non-developers.
For a broader understanding of test automation and comparisons with other tools, explore our in-depth articles on TestProject Alternatives and Mobile App Testing Tools.
FAQ
What is Android automation?
Android automation involves using specialized tools to programmatically simulate user interactions with Android apps to test their functionality and performance. These tools can automate tasks like clicking buttons, entering text, and swiping screens to ensure the app performs as expected without manual input.
What is the selenium equivalent for Android?
Appium is widely regarded as the Selenium equivalent for Android, as it extends Selenium’s Webdriver protocol to enable automation for mobile apps. It allows for cross-platform testing and supports both Android and iOS platforms.
What is the best tool for mobile automation?
The best tool for mobile automation can vary based on specific needs, but Repeato offers a robust no-code solution with record and replay capabilities, supporting iOS and Android, and is suitable for various mobile app frameworks.
Is Appium better than espresso?
Whether Appium is better than Espresso depends on the context. Appium is more versatile for cross-platform testing and supports both iOS and Android, while Espresso is Android-specific and better suited for white-box testing within the Android ecosystem.
How to automate test in Android?
To automate tests in Android, you can use tools like Espresso for in-depth testing within the app or Repeato for a user-friendly, no-code approach that allows for quick test creation through record and replay.
Which tool is best for mobile automation testing?
The best tool for mobile automation testing could be Repeato for its ease of use, no-code setup, and support for both iOS and Android platforms, along with a free plan that offers unlimited test runs.
What is the Selenium equivalent for Android?
The Selenium equivalent for Android is Appium, which adapts Selenium’s Webdriver for mobile app testing and supports automation on both Android and iOS devices.
Which tool is mostly used for automation testing?
For web applications, Selenium is the most commonly used tool. For mobile applications, tools like Appium and Repeato are popular due to their extensive platform support and ease of use.
Which tool is used for mobile application automation testing?
Tools like Appium, Espresso, and Repeato are commonly used for mobile application automation testing, each offering different features tailored to specific testing needs.
How to automate Android application testing?
To automate Android application testing, you can use tools like Espresso for native Android tests or Repeato for a more user-friendly, no-code approach that supports recording and replaying user interactions.
Can mobile testing be automated?
Yes, mobile testing can be automated using tools like Appium, Espresso, and Repeato, which help streamline the testing process by simulating user interactions with mobile apps.
What is the difference between Appium and Selenium?
The difference between Appium and Selenium lies in their platform support. Selenium is primarily used for automating web browsers for web application testing, while Appium extends Selenium’s Webdriver protocol to allow for mobile application testing on both iOS and Android platforms.